Kako se gradi pasiv u engleskom jeziku?
Pasiv se gradi od glagola to be (u vremenu u kom je glavni glagol u aktivnoj rečenici) i participa prošlog (past participle) glavnog glagola. Subjekat aktivne rečenice postaje agens (vršilac radnje) u pasivnoj, i često se izostavlja. Ukoliko se ne izostavlja, uvodi se predlogom by, i najčešće se nalazi na kraju pasivne rečenice.
aktiv: My grandfather planted this tree.
pasiv: This tree was planted by my grandfather.
aktiv | pasiv | |
Present Simple | He delivers the letters. | The letters are delivered. |
Present Continuous | He is delivering the letters. | The letters are being delivered. |
Present Perfect | He has delivered the letters. | The letters have been delivered. |
Past Simple | He delivered the letters. | The letters were delivered. |
Past Continuous | He was delivering the letters. | The letters were being delivered. |
Past Perfect | He had delivered the letters. | The letters had been delivered. |
Future Simple | He will deliver the letters. | The letters will be delivered. |
BE GOING TO | He is going to deliver the letters. | The letters are going to be delivered. |
Modals | He can deliver the letters. | The letters can be delivered. |
Infinitive | He has to deliver the letters. | The letters have to be delivered. |
Kada se pasiv upotrebljava?
Pasiv se upotrebljava:
1. kada je vršilac radnje nepoznat, nevažan ili očigledan iz konteksta:
Jane was shot. (Ne zna se ko ju je upucao.)
This church was built in 1815. (Vršilac radnje nije bitan.)
He has been arrested. (Vršilac radnje je očigledan.)
2. u cilju ljubaznijeg ili formalnijeg izražavanja:
The car hasn’t been cleaned. (ljubaznije)
(You haven’t cleaned the car. – manje ljubazno)
3. kada je radnja bitnija nego vršilac radnje, npr., u slučaju procesa, uputstava, događaja, izveštaja, naslova, novinskih članaka, i reklama:
30 people were killed in the earthquake.
4. kada se stavlja akcenat na vršioca radnje:
The new library will be opened by the Queen.
Vršilac radnje
Kada želimo da kažemo ko je vršilac radnje, koristimo predlog by i ime (by Peter), imenicu (by the teacher) ili zamenicu u objekatskom obliku (by him) na kraju rečenice. Vršilac radnje se spominje samo ukoliko je bitan za dati kontekst:
Our house was designed by a famous architect.
Vršilac radnje se izostavlja:
1. ukoliko je nepoznat
Our car was stolen last night. (Ne znamo ko ga je ukrao.)
2. ukoliko nas ne zanima ko je vršilac radnje ili isti nije bitan
He has been taken to hospital. (Ono što je bitno jeste sam događaj.)
3. ukoliko se može zaključiti iz konteksta ko je vršilac radnje
The murderer was arrested last night. (Nije potrebno napomenuti da je uhapšen od strane policije.)
4. ukoliko je subjekat aktivne rečenice somebody, people, they, you, itd.
Someone broke the window. → The window was broken.
Iz aktiva u pasiv
Promena rečenice iz aktiva u pasiv:
- objekat aktivne rečenice postaje subjekat pasivne
Agatha Christie wrote this book. → This book was written by Agatha Christie.
- glagol prelazi iz aktivnog oblika u pasivni, dok glagolsko vreme ostaje nepromenjeno
- subjekat aktivne rečenice postaje agens (vršilac radnje) u pasivnoj. Stavljamo ga na kraj rečenice, uz predlog by.
By ili with?
Predlog by upotrebljavamo uz vršioca radnje:
The door was opened by Mr Black. (Mr Black = vršilac radnje)
Predlog with upotrebljavamo uz instrument, predmet ili materijal koji se koristi u okviru određene radnje:
The door was opened with a key. (a key = predmet koji je upotrebljen)
The omelette was made with eggs, cheese and peppers. (eggs, cheese and peppers = materijal koji je upotrebljen)
Glagoli sa dva objekta
Ukoliko glagol koji se javlja u rečenici ima dva objekta (npr., give somebody something), aktivnu rečenicu možemo promeniti u pasivnu na jedan od sledeća dva načina:
- nepravi (indirektni) objekat postaje subjekat pasivne rečenice
- pravi (direktni) objekat postaje subjekat pasivne rečenice
Rick gave me (nepravi objekat) this book (pravi objekat).
- I was given this book by Rick.
- This book was given to me by Rick.
Neki od glagola koji imaju dva objekta: give, tell, send, show, bring, write, offer, pay, itd.
Ukoliko se nepravi objekat nalazi posle glagola u pasivnoj rečenici, ispred tog objekta stoji predlog to.
The e-mail was sent to Richard.
Ukoliko je nepravi objekat aktivne rečenice lična zamenica u objekatskom obliku, prilikom transformacije aktivne rečenice u pasivnu ova zamenicu prelazi u svoj subjektaski oblik.
John gave her the flowers. → She was given the flowers.